Shaiva Upanishads

The Shaiva Upanishads are a group of minor Upanishads specific to Shiva theology (Shaivism). There are 14 such texts included in the Muktika anthology of 108 Upanishads. These Upanishads are distinct from the thirteen Principal Upanishads, which are older and rooted in Vedic tradition. They also differ from other minor Upanishads, such as the Samanya (general), Sannyasa (renunciation), Yoga, Vaishnava (Vishnu-focused), and Shakta (Shaktism) Upanishads.

The Shaiva Upanishads glorify Shiva as the metaphysical Brahman and Atman (soul). Some texts, like the Atharvashiras Upanishad, use terms such as Rudra, asserting that all beings and things are manifestations of Rudra. These Upanishads often include symbolism related to Shaivist rituals, costumes, and objects of worship.

The dating of minor Upanishads varies, with estimates ranging from around 100 BCE to 1100 CE. While the Principal Upanishads like the Shvetashvatara Upanishad mention Shiva and Rudra, they are not classified as Shaiva Upanishads. The Nilarudra Upanishad, an important text focusing on Shiva as a symbol of Atman, is considered ancient but is not part of the Muktika anthology.

These texts reflect sectarian Hindu traditions and provide insights into Shaivist philosophy and practices. They emphasize Shiva's role as the ultimate reality and essence of all existence, blending theological concepts with ritualistic elements.