Practicing without a license

Practicing without a license refers to individuals who engage in professional activities typically regulated by law without obtaining the necessary certification or authorization. This can occur in various fields, such as medicine, law, and other specialized trades, often leading to legal, ethical, or safety concerns. In real-world scenarios, unlicensed practice can involve serious consequences. For instance, in the case of Mary Hamilton-Kane from *Batwoman*, she operates a back-alley clinic without proper medical licensing, risking legal penalties and endangering her patients' health. Similarly, Kate Kane's stepsister in *Batwoman* runs an underground clinic to help the underserved, highlighting the moral dilemma of unlicensed practice. Fictional portrayals often explore the complexities of such scenarios. In *Black Jack*, a Japanese manga, the protagonist is an unlicensed surgeon who bypasses medical regulations to perform high-risk operations, charging exorbitant fees. This character embodies the theme of rejecting conventional medical practices for personal gain and moral flexibility. Another example is Shinra Kishitani in *Durarara!!*, who practices medicine without a license, further illustrating the ethical challenges and risks associated with such actions. In superhero narratives, characters like Batman from DC Comics lack an official medical license yet perform surgeries on his allies, underscoring the tension between heroism and legal constraints. Similarly, Frank Castle (The Punisher) in Marvel Comics operates outside the law as a vigilante, reflecting the blurred lines between justice and legality. These fictional depictions often serve to critique regulatory systems or highlight the human desire to act heroically despite obstacles. They also raise questions about the ...