Black harrier

The black harrier (Circus maurus) is a medium-sized raptor native to Africa, found in South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, and nearby regions. It has a wingspan of 100–130 cm and measures 46–56 cm in length. Its plumage is dark brown above and pale below, with light patches on the underwings when flying. Juveniles have streaky underparts and paler eyebrow stripes. The species primarily inhabits shrublands, savannas, and grasslands. It nests in low vegetation or open ground, often near wetlands or cultivation. Black harriers are migratory, with populations in South Africa moving seasonally between breeding and non-breeding areas. They typically form monogamous pairs, but some individuals may switch mates each breeding season. Black harriers feed mainly on small mammals like mice, rats, and shrews, supplementing their diet with birds, reptiles, amphibians, and insects. They are known for their adaptability in prey selection, which allows them to thrive in diverse environments. The species faces significant conservation challenges, including habitat loss due to urban expansion, agriculture, and invasive plant species. These factors have reduced the availability of suitable nesting and foraging habitats, particularly in regions like the Western Cape, where fynbos shrublands have been severely degraded. As a result, the black harrier is classified as endangered in South Africa. Pollutants also pose a threat, affecting their health and reproductive success. Heavy metals and organic pollutants can impair carotenoid pigmentation, which is crucial for communication and parental care. Additionally, habitat destruction has forced populations into less favorable montane areas, leading to lower breeding success rates ...