Modus Tenendi Parliamentum

The Modus Tenendi Parliamentum (Method of Holding Parliaments) is a 14th-century document that provides an idealized account of English parliamentary procedure. Its significance lies in reflecting parliament as a well-defined institution worthy of study, though it also incorporates elements of fantasy in its historical narrative and aspirations for the roles of different groups within parliament. The document's origins have been debated, but it is no longer considered a forgery. Thomas Duffus Hardy, a historian, dated it to between 1294 and 1327, likely written shortly after Edward I's Model Parliament of 1295. William A Morris later suggested it was written during Edward II's reign (1307–27), probably in 1321. M. V. Clarke and W. C. Weber supported this dating, with Clarke noting it aimed to expound parliamentary theory and practice of the time. The author likely had firsthand experience of parliament and royal administration, with Yorkshireman William Ayermin (died 1336) suggested as a possible writer due to his roles in church and state, including Keeper of the Rolls of Chancery. The Modus highlights the growing importance of the Commons in parliament, emphasizing their representative role and influence. It argues that the consent of the Commons was essential for taxation, as they spoke for the general population, unlike magnates or prelates who represented only themselves. This perspective aligns with later efforts to legitimate the deposition of kings, such as Richard II, by those who lost popular support. The document's emphasis on the Commons' power influenced political movements, including in Ireland during the 14th ...