Cingulum brain

The cingulum is an association tract located in the brain's medial surface, running beneath the corpus callosum and connecting the cingulate gyrus to the entorhinal cortex. It plays a crucial role in integrating information within the limbic system, which is involved in emotional processing and memory. Structurally, it forms the white matter core of the cingulate gyrus, extending from the frontal lobe to the temporal lobe.

The cingulum's functions include pain appraisal and reinforcing behaviors that reduce discomfort. It also contributes to cognitive processes such as attention, memory, and spatial skills through its posterior section, while the anterior part is linked to emotional regulation, particularly concerning apathy and depression. Damage to this structure can lead to various mental health disorders.

Recent research highlights the cingulum's significance in mild cognitive impairment and age-related dementias. Diffusion MRI studies reveal that disruptions in its white matter are associated with these conditions. Additionally, the cingulum connects to the hippocampus, which is vital for memory storage, further emphasizing its role in cognitive function. Variations in its microstructure have been linked to impaired performance in tasks requiring cognitive control.

Cingulotomy, a surgical procedure that severs the anterior cingulum, has historically been used to treat conditions like depression and OCD. Understanding the cingulum's structure and function remains critical for advancing knowledge about brain connectivity and its implications for mental health and cognitive disorders.